Rheumatic fever is an inflammatory disease that can develop after an infection with the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, usually following a throat infection known as strep throat. The disease affects the heart, joints, skin, and central nervous system. It predominantly occurs in children between the ages of 5 and 15, though it can affect adults as well.

Overview

Rheumatic fever is a serious condition that can cause permanent damage to the heart, including the heart valves, a condition called rheumatic heart disease. The disease primarily affects the heart and joints, but it can also impact the skin, brain, and other organs. Rheumatic fever was once a common cause of heart problems in children, but with the advent of antibiotics and improved access to healthcare, its incidence has significantly decreased in developed countries.

Symptoms

Rheumatic fever symptoms usually appear about two to four weeks after a strep throat infection. They can vary greatly among patients but often include:

• Fever and fatigue
• Painful and swollen joints, most commonly in the knees, ankles, elbows, and wrists
• Small, painless nodules under the skin
• Flat or slightly raised, painless rash with a ragged edge (erythema marginatum)
• Involuntary movements, facial grimacing, and unsteady gait (Sydenham chorea)
• Chest pain, heart palpitations, or shortness of breath

Causes

Rheumatic fever is a complication of an untreated infection with Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria, typically after a bout of strep throat or scarlet fever. The body’s immune response to the bacteria can mistakenly target its tissues, causing inflammation and damage, especially to the heart valves.

Risk Factors

Certain factors can increase the risk of developing rheumatic fever, including:

• Age: Children between 5 and 15 years old are most at risk.
• Family history: A family history of rheumatic fever may increase susceptibility.
• Environmental factors: Overcrowding, poor sanitation, and limited access to healthcare can contribute to the spread of streptococcal infections.
• Recurrent strep infections: Frequent strep throat infections increase the risk of rheumatic fever.

Prevention

Preventing rheumatic fever primarily involves treating streptococcal infections promptly and effectively. Here are some measures to help prevent the disease:

1. Seek prompt treatment for strep throat: If you or your child has symptoms of strep throat, such as a sore throat with swollen tonsils, white patches on the tonsils, or fever, seek medical attention.
2. Complete antibiotic treatment: If diagnosed with strep throat, take the full course of antibiotics, even if symptoms improve before finishing the medication.
3. Practice good hygiene: Wash your hands regularly, cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoid sharing utensils or drinks with others.
4. Monitor high-risk individuals: People who have previously had rheumatic fever are at higher risk of recurrence. Regular medical check-ups and prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended for these individuals.

When to See a Doctor

If you or your child have symptoms of strep throat or develop symptoms suggestive of rheumatic fever, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment of strep infections can help prevent the development of rheumatic fever and its complications.

Helpful Information:

Rheumatic fever can lead to long-term complications if not treated appropriately. These complications can range from mild to severe and can affect various parts of the body. Most notably, the heart can be impacted, leading to rheumatic heart disease, which can cause valve disorders, heart failure, and even death if left untreated. Besides heart-related issues, rheumatic fever can lead to permanent joint damage, affecting mobility and quality of life. The skin and central nervous system can also be affected, resulting in skin nodules, rashes, and neurological symptoms. It’s essential to seek prompt medical attention if rheumatic fever is suspected to minimize the risk of these complications.

In conclusion, Rheumatic fever is a serious inflammatory disease that can cause lasting damage to the heart, among other complications. Prevention is key, as the disease primarily arises from untreated streptococcal infections. By seeking prompt treatment for strep throat, practicing good hygiene, and monitoring high-risk individuals, we can effectively reduce the risk of rheumatic fever and protect our heart health.